測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)試驗(yan)的基本實驗(yan)設(she)備(bei)之一(yi)，隨著技術(shu)的進步與發展，測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)技術(shu)從水力(li)和機(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)式測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)發展到現(xian)代的電(dian)(dian)力(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。常用的測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)有水力(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、電(dian)(dian)渦流(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)粉測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、磁(ci)滯(zhi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、直流(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，直流(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和交流(liu)(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)又被稱為電(dian)(dian)力(li)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

測功(gong)機分類

根據測功機(ji)使用電流的不同，將測功機(ji)分(fen)類為：直流測功機(ji)、交流測功機(ji)、渦流測功機(ji)

由直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)、測(ce)力(li)計(ji)(ji)和測(ce)速發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)組合而成。直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)定(ding)子(zi)由獨(du)立的(de)(de)軸(zhou)承(cheng)座支(zhi)承(cheng)，它可以在(zai)某一(yi)角度范圍內自(zi)由擺動。機(ji)殼上帶有測(ce)力(li)臂(bei)，它與測(ce)力(li)計(ji)(ji)配合，可以檢(jian)測(ce)定(ding)子(zi)所(suo)(suo)受(shou)到的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)。根(gen)據(ju)直(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)原(yuan)理，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)同時施加于(yu)定(ding)子(zi)和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)。定(ding)子(zi)所(suo)(suo)受(shou)到的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)與轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)所(suo)(suo)受(shou)到的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)大小相等(deng)，方向(xiang)相反(fan)，所(suo)(suo)以轉(zhuan)(zhuan)軸(zhou)上的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)可以由定(ding)子(zi)上量測(ce)。運行中軸(zhou)承(cheng)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)刷(shua)和風致摩擦等(deng)引起的(de)(de)機(ji)械轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)，會使定(ding)子(zi)和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)所(suo)(suo)受(shou)的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)矩(ju)(ju)(ju)不相等(deng)，這給(gei)測(ce)量所(suo)(suo)帶來的(de)(de)誤(wu)差需要加以考慮。

直流(liu)測(ce)(ce)(ce)功機可作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)直流(liu)發電(dian)機運(yun)行，作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)被測(ce)(ce)(ce)動力機械的(de)負載，以(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量被測(ce)(ce)(ce)機械的(de)軸上輸出轉矩；也可以(yi)作(zuo)(zuo)直流(liu)電(dian)動機運(yun)行，拖(tuo)動其他機械，以(yi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量其軸上輸入轉矩。轉矩與測(ce)(ce)(ce)速(su)(su)發電(dian)機測(ce)(ce)(ce)得的(de)轉速(su)(su)之積即軸功率。這就(jiu)是測(ce)(ce)(ce)功機一名的(de)由來。

交流(liu)測功(gong)機

通常(chang)由一臺(tai)三相(xiang)交(jiao)流換向器電動(dong)機和測力計、測速發電機組合(he)而成。它(ta)的測功原理與直(zhi)流測功機相(xiang)同。

渦(wo)流測功機

利用(yong)渦流(liu)產(chan)生制(zhi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩來測(ce)量(liang)機(ji)械轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩的(de)裝(zhuang)置。它由電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)滑(hua)差(cha)離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)（見電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)調(diao)速(su)異步電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)）、測(ce)力(li)計(ji)(ji)和測(ce)速(su)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)組(zu)成。被(bei)測(ce)動力(li)機(ji)械與電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)滑(hua)差(cha)離(li)(li)合(he)器(qi)的(de)輸入軸連接，帶動電(dian)(dian)樞旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)，磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)則被(bei)安(an)裝(zhuang)其上的(de)測(ce)力(li)臂掣(che)住,只能在相(xiang)應的(de)范圍內(nei)擺動一角度,配(pei)合(he)測(ce)力(li)計(ji)(ji)就(jiu)可以由此(ci)擺動角直接讀出電(dian)(dian)樞與磁(ci)(ci)(ci)極(ji)間作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩。略去風摩損耗等測(ce)量(liang)誤差(cha)時，此(ci)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩就(jiu)等于被(bei)測(ce)動力(li)機(ji)械的(de)輸出轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩。渦流(liu)測(ce)功機(ji)只能產(chan)生制(zhi)動轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩，不能作(zuo)為電(dian)(dian)動機(ji)運行(xing)。一般用(yong)于測(ce)量(liang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)上升而(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩下降(jiang)，或轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)矩變化(hua)而(er)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)基本不變的(de)動力(li)機(ji)械。

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